Is a microcontroller (MC) a central processing unit (CPU)?

What does SoC mean?

What is a processor core?

How may cores does a microcontroller have? Compare EPS32-S2 and ESP32-C3.

Ask perplexity.ai:
(1) Where do I find the original datasheet of ESP32-S3?
(2) Where do I find the original datasheet of ATmega328 (the MC of the original Arduino UNO board)?
Search for the functional block diagrams in both datasheets (rather thick manuals) and compare them. Can you identify functional blocks they have in common?

What is a Super Loop? What are advantanges and disadvantages?

A so-called interrupt (e.g. caused by a button pressed by the user) can break the execution of a super loop to handle a certain task on request. In this case the CPU first saves the complete state of execution, then executes the associated user-defined function “Interrupt Service Routine (ISR)” to handle the interrupt, and finally restores the interrupted program and continues the operation where it was left. Which “typical” timing deadlines (i.e. guaranteed maximum reaction time of a MC to a certain event / interrupt) can be achieved which this interrupt mechanism?

What are tasks, threads and processes? How does the FreeRTOS documentation and community use the terms task and thread?

How many processes can be executed in FreeRTOS?

Are tasks in a super loop executed sequentially or concurrently?

How many threads can be run on a single CPU core in parallel, i.e. at the same time?

Tasks on RTOS are executed concurrently. Are they also executed in parallel? Is real parallel execution, i.e. tasks are executed at the same time, possible in MCs?

What does task priority mean?

Can the standard MC interrupt request (IRQ) mechanism still be used together with RTOS to react extremely fast to events like timer events, external sensor readings, or user interactions?

RTOS is never faster and more responsive than a super loop with interrupts. Why would you use RTOS?